Global Secret and Intelligence Service - III

“Partout où nécessité fait loi”

Author: H. Duthel
Length: 422 page(s)
Language: Deutsch
Written: Jan 2008
Sales Rank: -
Views: 234

Poland

* Agencja Wywiadu (AW) (Foreign Intelligence Agency)
* Agencja Bezpieczenstwa Wewnetrznego (ABW) (Internal Security Agency)
* Wojskowe Sluzby Informacyjne (WSI) (Military Intelligence Service)
Although the first official service of the Polish government entrusted with espionage, intelligence and counter-intelligence was not formed until 1918, in the past centuries the Polish state developed a net of informers in surrounding states. Also, a number of envoys and ambassadors were used not only as diplomats, but also for gathering information, mostly by bribery. Among such spies was Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, a notable Polish poet of the 17th century. Polish kings, and the military commanders (hetmans) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth like Stanisław Koniecpolski had espionage networks. The hetmans were responsible for espionage in the Ottoman Empire, its vassals and disputed territories (like Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania) and Muscovy, and also among the restless Cossacks.
1918-1921

Immediately after becoming an independent nation in 1918, Poland formed its Armed Forces. Under the influence of the French Military Mission to Poland, the office of the Polish General Staff was divided into several departments, each entrusted with different tasks:

1. Oddział I [Section I] - Organisation and mobilization
2. Oddział II - Intelligence and Counter-intelligence
3. Oddziału III - Training and Operations
4. Oddział IV - Quartermaster

The Second Department, often called Dwójka (Polish for Number Two), was formed in October of 1918, even before Poland declared its independence. Initially called Information Department of the General Staff, it was divided into several offices, called sections:

* Sekcja I - reconnaissance and close intelligence
* Sekcja II
o IIa (East) - offensive intelligence in Bolshevist Russia, Lithuania, Belarusian People's Republic, Ukraine and Galicia
o IIb (West) - offensive intelligence in Austria, Germany, France and United Kingdom
* Sekcja III - general intelligence and surveillance abroad (both in the East and in the West)
* Sekcja IV - preparation of a frontline bulletin
* Sekcja V - contacts with both the military and civilian authorities.
* Sekcja VI - contacts with attaches in Berlin, Vienna, Budapest, Moscow and Kyiv
* Sekcja VII - Ciphers

The net of informers, both in Poland and abroad, was developing very rapidly. Although Poland, after suffering more than a century under foreign occupation, was in a tragic economic situation, this proved to be a vital factor in the creation of an extensive intelligence net. In the 19th century and early 20th century, the economic and political situation forced hundreds of thousands of Poles to emigrate to almost all countries of the world. With the advent of Polish liberty, many of them reported for duty in Polish intelligence agencies. Others, most notably Poles living in the former Russian Empire, were trying to return home through war-torn Russia, providing the Polish Army with priceless information on Russian logistics, order of battle and the situation of all sides fighting in the Russian Civil War.

Also, in Western Europe (most notably in Germany, France and Belgium), Polish diaspora often formed the backbone of heavy industry. In the Ruhr Valley alone lived approximately 1 million people of Polish descent. Many of them could provide the Polish state with information on industrial production and the economic situation in the surrounding countries.

After the outbreak of the Polish-Bolshevik War in early 1919, the intelligence in the East proved vital to Poland's survival in the war against a far superior enemy. A separate cell within the Polish intelligence was formed and took over most intelligence duties during the war. The organization was named Biuro Wywiadowcze (Intelligence Bureau), and was composed of seven departments:

1. - Organisation
2. - Offensive "A"
3. - Offensive "B"
4. - Offensive "C"
5. - Defensive
6. - Internal propaganda
7. - Counter-intelligence

The fourth department (Offensive intelligence "C") became the most developed as it carried out all duties connected to front-line reconnaissance and intelligence, as well as "long-distance" intelligence and surveillance in countries surrounding Bolshevist Russia, including Siberia (still in hands of the White Russians), Turkey, Persia, China, Mongolia and Japan. The third department, (Offensive intelligence "B") controlled the intelligence net in the European part of Russia.

Additional information was obtained from Russian deserters and POWs, who crossed the Polish lines in thousands, especially after the Battle of Warsaw of 1920.

About the Author

H. Duthel
Member since: Jan 2008
Publications on XinXii:  2

Heinz Duthel
Web: www.duthel.de
About the Author:
Short Curriculum Vitae:
Born 1950 in Nuremberg, Germany
Until the age of 15 he spend his life in German Government Orphanage
1966 left Germany to joint the French Foreign Legion
1980 First book published in Bielefeld with RH, SPK, and H. Boell
1981 media Agent mainly semi-Governmental publications
1986 appointed as Full Rank Colonel for the KNLU
1986 appointed as Ambassadors to the UN for the KNU
1987 with R. Perrot negotiate the liberation of the last POW/MIA (US)
1988 appointed as Consul of the PDR of Angola in France
1989 meeting with the President of the Seychelles
1989 meeting with ex-PM J. Chirac, Charles Pasqua in Paris
1989 appointed as Consul of Uganda in Germany
1995 until 2000 editor of the biggest daily Internet Journal in English
1992 –2006 H. Duthel wrote 24 books, novels, Politics, Sociology, Mathematics and Philosophy Essays.
Media Report about H. Duthel
Swissinfo.org 2005
Vanguardia Spain 2002
BBC 2006
Member: BdWi (Bund Demokratischer WissenschafterInnen) 2005 (www.bdwi.de)
Member: Philosophers Today (www.philosophers-today.com)
Member: NGO – ICC (www.iccnow.org)

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